On machine knowledge & philosophical loss. Computational essays integrating machine learning, analytics, and epistemology.https://gradient-and-reason.vercel.app/https://gradient-and-reason.vercel.app/essays/causal-ghosts/https://gradient-and-reason.vercel.app/essays/causal-ghosts/On counterfactual inference, moral responsibility, and the irreducible uncertainty in what never happened.Wed, 15 Jul 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://gradient-and-reason.vercel.app/essays/prediction-is-not-understanding/https://gradient-and-reason.vercel.app/essays/prediction-is-not-understanding/Why our most successful systems may still know nothing — and how empirical code uncovers the structural gapSun, 24 May 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://gradient-and-reason.vercel.app/essays/the-hallucination-and-the-lie/https://gradient-and-reason.vercel.app/essays/the-hallucination-and-the-lie/Why language models cannot lie, why they cannot help but bullshit, and how the mathematics of next-token prediction decouples testimony from the witness.Wed, 10 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMThttps://gradient-and-reason.vercel.app/essays/the-topography-of-loss/https://gradient-and-reason.vercel.app/essays/the-topography-of-loss/Navigating high-dimensional latent spaces as a metaphor for human memory, grief, and machine unlearning.Mon, 25 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT